Fa'avevela o le Itumalo ma le Warmtewet: o le tulafono e pei ona i ai, ma mea e suia e le Wet collectieve warmte

Afai e fesoʻotaʻi lau fale i Netherlands i se vevela itumalo feso'ota'iga - o se fa'amafanafana — the price you pay, the reliability you can insist on and your route when something goes wrong are set by statute, not by contract alone. That statute is the Warmtewet. It is being replaced by the Wet collectieve warmte, which has been passed and published but is not yet in operation. This article sets out the framework that applies today, and what changes, and when.

Where the legislation stands

O le Warmtewet o le 2014 o loʻo tumau pea le tulafono o loʻo faʻaaogaina. O lona tusitusiga tuʻufaʻatasi ua taʻua o le a faʻaaogaina mai le aso 1 o Ianuari 2026 seʻia oʻo i se isi faʻaaliga. Ua tele ni suiga ua faia, aemaise lava i le suiga o le 2019 lea na aveese ai tagata e ona fanua ma faʻalapotopotoga a tagata e ona fanua mai le faiga o laisene ma toe faʻaleleia le fuaina o mita. O matafaioi uma o loʻo i lalo o loʻo faʻaaogaina nei.

Ua fa'atulafonoina le Wet collectieve warmte (Wcw) ae e le'i fa'atinoina lava. The Tweede Kamer adopted it on 3 July 2025 and the Eerste Kamer on 9 December 2025. It was published in the Staatsblad on 22 January 2026, and a commencement decree of 13 February 2026 brought a limited part of it into force on 14 February 2026. The rest commences by royal decree, article by article, and no date has been set for the substantive chapters: the consolidated text still records that those parts have not entered into force. The ACM plans on the new regime starting at the beginning of 2027, but planning is not a commencement date.

The Wcw is law, but its operative provisions are not yet in force. Anyone saying today that heat tariffs are already cost-based, or that your supplier must already be majority publicly owned, is describing a regime that has not started. Until the royal decrees are made the Warmtewet governs, so a transaction or a tariff decision that depends on the new regime should be dated to a commencement decree rather than to an expected year.

O le ā le feso'ota'iga vevela, ma o ai fo'i tagata fai ata tifaga

O se feso'ota'iga fa'avevela e feavea'i ai le vevela, e masani lava o le vai vevela, e ala i paipa mai se punavai tutotonu i fale. O le punavai e mafai ona avea ma se masini e susunu ai otaota, se fale gaosi kesi, vevela o totoe o fale gaosi oloa, malosiaga geothermal, teuina o le vevela po'o se pamu vevela tele. E ave e le fale le vevela e ala i se seti tiliva ( afleverset ) nai lo lana lava paila.

O le mataupu 1 o le Warmtewet e fa'avasega ai matafaioi:

• Le gaosia e fa'atupuina ai le vevela.
• O le kamupani tu'uina atu (leverancier) tu'uina atu ma faia se konekarate ma le tagata fa'aoga. O le tele o tiute o le Tulafono o lo'o i'inei.
• O le kamupani feso'ota'iga (tagata e pulea le upega tafaʻilagi) pulea le feso'ota'iga. I le gagana Holani, o le kamupani tu'uina atu o masini fa'avevela ma le kamupani e fa'agaoioia feso'ota'iga e masani lava o le vaega lava e tasi, o se tasi lea o mafua'aga e foliga mai ai ua tu'ufa'atasia le vaega i se auala ua le toe tutusa ai le eletise ma le kesi.
• O le tagata fa'aoga (verbruiker) e taliaina le vevela, ma e puipuia pe leai e fuafua i se tulaga.

E iai fo'i le faiga o paipa i totonu o le fale ( inpandig leidingstelsel ), e tafe mai le feso'ota'iga tutotonu o le poloka i iunite ta'itasi. O ai e fa'agaoioia e filifili pe o le e ona le poloka o ia lava o se tagata fa'atau oloa.

O ai e puipuia: le tuaoi 100 kW

O iinei e amata ai le tele o feeseeseaiga faapisinisi. I lalo o le Mataupu 1, e faʻaaogaina e se tagata faʻatau le vevela e ala i se fesoʻotaʻiga e le sili atu i le 100 kW, pe ala i se fesoʻotaʻiga tutotonu e tautua ai na tagata faʻaoga. O mea uma e faia e le Tulafono - tau maualuga, taui, auala o feeseeseaiga, mita - e faʻapipiʻi i lena faʻamatalaga.

I luga atu o le 100 kW o loʻo e i fafo atu. O se pule o le ofisa e iai se fesoʻotaʻiga tutotonu tele, o se faletalimalo, o se kamupani faʻatautaia lokisitika poʻo se nofoaga gaosi oloa e masani ona nofo i luga aʻe o le laina. Ona leai lea o se tau maualuga faʻatulafonoina ma leai se taui faʻatulafonoina: o le tau, faʻasinomaga, avanoa, vaitaimi ma le faʻamutaina o mea uma ia o loʻo taʻua i le maliega o sapalai, ma o na maliega e masani ona uumi, tusia e le kamupani sapalai ma faʻasino i luga o tuutuuga e toe totogi ai le faitauga.

• O le gafatia o se mea moni faaletulafono, ae le o se auiliiliga fa'ainisinia. Afai e lata i le 100 kW le gafatia ua fa'amaonia e tusa ai ma le konekarate, o le fuainumera o lo'o fa'amaumauina i le maliega o feso'ota'iga e filifili ai lou tulaga fa'aletulafono.
• E mafai e se feso'ota'iga tutotonu ona puipuia i latou o lo'o i tua atu. A block on one large connection supplying individual homes brings those homes within the definition of verbruiker. Whether the intermediate party then carries the Warmtewet supplier duties depends on who that party is: article 1a takes a landlord supplying his own tenants, and an owners association supplying its members, out of almost the whole Act.

Tulafono faatonutonu o lafoga: le tau aupito maualuga

O le Mataupu 5 e manaʻomia ai le ACM e faʻatulaga le tau maualuga e ono totogi e se kamupani tuʻuina atu oloa i se tagata faʻaoga puipuia. O se tau maualuga, ae le o se tau mautu, e ui o le tele o kamupani tuʻuina atu oloa e totogi i le tau e tasi pe latalata i ai.

Le auala ua faatulaga ai nei e le ACM

O le taualuga e faʻavae i luga o le mataupu faavae o le niet-meer-dan-anders : e le tatau i se tagata e faʻaaogaina le vevela ona totogi se totogi e sili atu nai lo se tau faʻamafanafana tutusa i totonu o se fale ma le kesi. E maua mai e le ACM mai le tau averesi o se konekarate kesi tumau e tasi le tausaga e ofoina mai e kamupani faʻatau kesi tetele, e fuaina i le amataga o le tausaga, ma faʻatulagaina i tausaga taʻitasi.

E lē o se numera e tasi. O vaega taʻitasi e faʻatapulaʻaina eseese: o se totogi fesuisuiaʻi i le gigajoule ; o se totogi faʻaletausaga tumau ( vastrecht ) , e eseese e tusa ai ma le mea e sapalaiina e le fesoʻotaʻiga (faʻavevela ma le vai vevela, faʻavevela, vai vevela, vevela maualalo le vevela, poʻo le faʻamālūlūina); o se totogi seti tiliva ; ma se totogi mita.

The ACM fixes each of these maxima once a year, ahead of the year they apply to, and publishes them in a tariff decision on its own website; they move with the gas reference in both directions. Never rely on a figure without its year, and never on a figure in a supplier letter without checking it against the decision the ACM actually published for that year.

O le itu e agai i ai femalagaaiga e ese mai le sootaga o le kesi. Ua taʻua faalauaitele e le ACM e le o se manatu lelei le faʻapipiʻiina o tau o le vevela i tau o le kesi ma e sili atu ona latou vaʻai i tau o le au sapalai, ae e manaʻomia e le Warmtewet le faʻapipiʻiina ma o le suiga e mo le fono faitulafono.

Totogi o feso'ota'iga, totogi o le motusia o le eletise ma le fuaina o le eletise

le saofaga feso'ota'iga e tasi le taimi (fa'aopoopoga i le tau) falls under Article 6: where a supplier charges a user a one-off contribution for a connection, the ACM caps it, and that cap is reset in the same annual tariff decision. It is a real cost line in a residential scheme, so check the figure for the year before it is passed on or built into a development budget.

E tāua le tuaoi i le va o le sao e tasi ma le vastrecht faifai pea . I lana faamasinoga i le aso 23 o Ianuari 2026 (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:94) na taofia ai e le Hoge Raad, i tulaga o lena mataupu, e leai se faavae na tuuina mai e le maliega o sapalai mo se totogi fesoʻotaʻiga faavaitaimi: o le totogi faaletausaga tumau e faatatau i le i ai ma le tausia o se fesoʻotaʻiga, ae le o le faataunuuina o se tasi. O le tau o le faia o se fesoʻotaʻiga e le mafai, i lena mafuaaga, ona toe maua mai e ala i se laina faifai pea i luga o le pili.

le totogi mo le motusia o le feso'ota'iga (afsluitkosten) falls under Article 4a: a supplier disconnecting a connection may charge no more than an ACM-set tariff, with different maxima for permanent and for temporary disconnection, again set by the ACM for each year.

Mita falls under Article 8. A supplier must make an individual meter available where technically feasible and financially reasonable, and the metering tariff is capped at an annual maximum the ACM sets alongside the other components, with a separate capped rental for the meter. Where individual metering is impossible, heat cost allocators or another fair apportionment applies.

Noataga o sapalai, fa'alavelave ma taui

O le Mataupu 2 e fa'amalosia ai se tagata tu'uina atu oloa e fa'amautinoa le fa'atuatuaina o sapalai i luga o tuutuuga talafeagai ma le tulaga lelei o le tautua, e totogi i le itiiti ifo i le tausaga ma ia taulimaina lelei tagata fa'aoga. O le Mataupu 3 e mana'omia ai fa'amatalaga manino a'o le'i faia le konekarate e uiga i le lelei ma le saogalemu o sapalai. O le Mataupu 4 e mana'omia ai le fa'aitiitia o fa'alavelave, fa'atasi ai ma se fa'aaliga o galuega fuafuaina. O le Mataupu 3c e tu'uina atu ai le aia tatau e fa'amutaina ai, e tusa ai ma tapula'a pe a le mafai ona faia lena mea.

E lua fa'amasinoga a le Gerechtshof Arnhem-Leeuwarden o le aso 24 o Fepuari 2026 o lo'o fa'ailoa mai ai itu taua o lena aia tatau. I le ECLI:NL:GHARL:2026:1102, na taofia ai e le fa'amasinoga e le aoga le Mataupu 3c i se maliega na faia a'o le'i o'o i le aso 1 o Iulai 2019, aua o le Mataupu 42a Warmtewet e tu'uina atu ai le tulaga muamua o lo'o fa'aauau pea le aoga mo ia konekarate. I le ECLI:NL:GHARL:2026:1103, na taofia ai e le mafai e le ola tau tupe o se tama'i feso'ota'iga fa'avevela ona fa'amaonia ai se fa'atulagaga lea e le mafai ai e tagata fa'atau ona fa'amutaina.

O le Mataupu 3a o le aiaiga o le taui: afai e tupu se faalavelave matuia, e tatau i le kamupani sapalai ona totogi le taui i aofaiga ua faatulagaina i le Warmteregeling, ma faateleina faatasi ai ma le motusia o le eletise: €35 mo se faalavelave e lei fuafuaina e valu i le sefululua itula, ma le isi €20 mo vaitaimi taitasi e fa itula. E otometi lava le totogiina. E tuusaunoa le kamupani sapalai mai le taui mo le faalavelave muamua i soo se vaitaimi e sefululua masina, pe afai e itiiti ifo i le luasefulufa itula le umi o le faalavelave.

E na'o tagata fa'aoga puipuia e totogi. So'o se tasi e sili atu i le 100 kW e tatau ona feutaga'i i se auala e maua ai ma le faiga o aitalafu tautua nai lo le taliaina o tuutuuga masani.

Faitioga, le komiti o feeseeseaiga ma le ACM

O le Matāʻupu 3b e manaʻomia ai e tagata faʻaoga ona tuʻuina atu feeseeseaʻiga e tulaʻi mai i se maliega o le sapalai o le vevela i se komiti tutoʻatasi o feeseeseaʻiga: i le faʻatinoina o se komiti a le vaega i lalo o le faʻavae o feeseeseaʻiga a tagata faʻatau a Holani, ma le auala muamua masani mo se feeseeseaiga o pili poʻo se tagi mo taui e se tagata faʻaoga puipuia.

E vaavaaia e le ACM le tausisia o tulafono, faatulaga lafoga aupito maualuga ma mafai ona faamalosia se kamupani e sili atu nai lo na lafoga. E le o se auala lea e maua ai se taui mo tagata taitoatasi, aua e faamalosia mo le manuia lautele, ae o se mamanu o le soona totogi e faailoa atu i lona mafaufau e mafai ona maua ai se tali e manuia ai tagata uma i luga o le upega tafailagi. O loo avanoa pea faamasinoga faalemalo: o se tagata e puipuia ua molia i luga atu o le tulaga aupito maualuga e le tatau ona totogi le faasiliga.

The landlord and the owners association

Here the Act does the opposite of what most building owners expect. Article 1a Warmtewet takes the supply of heat by a landlord to his own tenants, and by an owners association to its members, outside the Act almost entirely. What survives is metering and billing: article 8 on individual meters and heat cost allocators, and articles 8a and 8b on cost apportionment and on the information the bill must carry. The ACM maximum price, the compensation scheme for interruptions, the licence regime and the disputes committee under the Warmtewet do not apply to that relationship.

That does not leave the tenant unprotected; it moves the protection into rent law. Heat supplied by the landlord is recovered as a service charge, and the service charge regime has its own rules on what may be passed on, on the itemised annual statement, and on the tenant right to have the settlement tested by the Huurcommissie. The ceiling is therefore not an ACM tariff but the requirement that service charges reflect actual costs, reasonably apportioned. For an owners association the equivalent discipline sits in its own accounts and in the decisions of the members meeting.

The exclusion is narrower than it looks, and the boundary is where the disputes are. It attaches to a combination of roles: the supplier must also be the landlord of the premises it supplies, or the association of which the user is a member. A building owner supplying occupiers who are not his tenants, an energy company operating the block installation under its own supply contract with each resident, or an association supplying beyond its members, falls back inside the Warmtewet in full, maximum price included.

• Establish first in which capacity you supply. Landlord to tenant, or association to member, engages article 1a; anything else does not.
• Where article 1a applies, meet articles 8, 8a and 8b on metering and billing, and test the charge against the service charge rules rather than against the ACM tariff.
• Where it does not apply, the whole Warmtewet does, and buying heat above 100 kW while selling below it leaves you carrying the gap between an unregulated purchase price and a regulated sale price. That risk belongs in your purchase agreement.

Fale fou, tiute o feso'ota'iga ma fuafuaga fa'avevela a le malo

E leai se tiute faaletulafono lautele e faʻafesoʻotaʻi ai se fale fou i se fesoʻotaʻiga faʻavevela. O le tiute o le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga kesi mo fale fou na aveeseina i le 2018, ma tuʻua ai fesoʻotaʻiga faʻavevela o se isi auala autu e aunoa ma le faʻamalosia.

O le mea na suia o le meafaigaluega a le munisipale. O le Wet gemeentelijke instrumenten warmtetransitie na faʻaaogaina e le Eerste Kamer i le aso 10 o Tesema 2024 ma lolomiina i le Staatsblad i le aso 17 o Tesema 2024, faʻatasi ai ma se faʻatonuga faʻapitoa mo le amataina i le aso lava lea. E tuʻuina atu ai i munisipale se polokalame faʻavevela e faʻatulaga ai poʻo fea itumalo e agai i ai i le isi filifiliga ma le taimi, ma faʻatagaina ai i latou e faʻatinoina e ala i le fuafuaga faʻale-siosiomaga ( omgevingsplan ).

Mo se tagata atia’e, e seāseā lava ona fesili “pe tatau ona ou fa’afeso’ota’i?” ae “o le a le mea e mana’omia e le fuafuaga tau si’osi’omaga iinei, ma o le a le mea ua atofaina e le malo?” Afai ua atofaina se eria mo le fa’avevela fa’atasi, e mafai ona tapunia le auala i le kesi po’o le eletise atoa e ala i le fuafuaga nai lo se tiute fa’apitoa mo le fa’avevela.

O mea e suia e le Wet collectieve warmte

E lē o se teuteuga le Wcw ae o se tulafono fou i se isi manatu. A o taulimaina e le Warmtewet le fa'avevela o le itumalo o se maketi tumaoti e mana'omia le puipuiga a tagata fa'atau, ae o lo'o taulimaina e le Wcw o se atina'e faitele e ta'ita'ia e malo ma tu'uina atu i lalo o le pulega a le malo.

• Puleaina e le toatele o tagata lautele. E tatau i se kamupani fa'avevela ona sili atu ma le afa e umia e fa'alapotopotoga faitele e pei o malo po'o itumalo — o le suiga sili ona taua mo pisinisi fa'apisinisi o lo'o umia le tele o le fanua feso'ota'iga a Holani.
• Fa'atulagaina mo se nofoaga fa'avevela. E vaevaeina e malo o latou teritori i ni vaega vevela (fa'amafanafanaga) ma tofia se kamupani e tasi le kamupani vevela i le eria taʻitasi e nafa ma le fesoʻotaʻiga iina.
• Tau o lafoga e fa'avae i tau, fa'asolosolo. The ACM’s roadmap sets out three phases. In the first, at the start of the regime, tariffs remain linked to the gas price, with that link corrected on a number of points. In the second, envisaged from 2028 at the earliest, maxima for large collective heat systems — those with more than 1,500 consumers — would be based on the efficient costs of the heat area, with a cost-based reference tariff for smaller systems; that phase takes effect only once the House of Representatives has agreed to it. A third phase, in which the ACM would set tariffs for large systems on the allowed revenue of the individual network, is not expected before 2034. The ACM consulted through 2026 on the regulatory accounting rules and the standardised asset value methodology the method depends on.
• Suiga o feso'ota'iga o lo'o iai. E lē faoa faamalosi meatotino a le au fa'agaoioia o lo'o iai nei. I lalo o tulafono fesuia'i, ua tofia se kamupani vevela o lo'o iai nei mo lana faiga o lo'o iai nei mo se vaitaimi e le itiiti ifo i le 14 ma le sili atu i le 30 tausaga, o le vaitaimi tonu e fa'atatau i le umi o maliega feso'ota'iga tuai na fa'agaoioia. I se isi itu, mo se vaitaimi pe a uma ona fa'amalosia le Tulafono, e mafai lava e se malo ona tofia se kamupani e aunoa ma se to'atele o le lautele o lo'o umia se nofoaga vevela fou lea e leai se sui tauva a le lautele e avanoa; o lena fa'amalama na fa'atulagaina i le fitu tausaga i le pili ma si'itia i le sefulu tausaga e ala i le teuteuga i le taimi o le pasia e le Maota o Sui, ma o se isi fa'aopoopoga na teena. E tatau ona siakiina tuutuuga tonu e fa'asaga i aiaiga fesuia'i o le Tulafono lava ia a'o le'i fuafuaina se fa'atauga po'o se toe fa'atulagaina e uiga ia i latou.
• Faiga fa'aputu laiti. O loʻo i ai se isi seti o tulafono e aofia ai faiga faʻavevela laiti, faʻatasi ai ma ni aiaiga patino mo matai fale, faʻalapotopotoga a tagata e ona fale ma kamupani faʻatautaia felauaiga vevela, ma iloa ai e leʻi fetaui lelei le Warmtewet ma i latou.

Afai e te umia pe fa'agaoioia se feso'ota'iga fa'avevela i le asō

• Fa'afanua au feso'ota'iga e fa'asaga i le mafaufauga o le eria vevela. O fea le munisipale o le a fa'ailoa mai le eria o lo'o i ai lau feso'ota'iga? Ua sili atu nei le auai nai lo se talosaga mulimuli ane.
• Fa'ata'ita'i le mana'oga o le umiaina. O se tagata e umia sea a le malo, o se pisinisi soofaatasi, o se faatau atu ma se matafaioi faagaioia e taofia, po o le faalagolago i le vaitaimi o fesuiaiga e tofu lava ma se lafoga eseese, faatupeina ma le faatulagaga o konekarate, ma e alu ai le taimi i vaega taitasi. Faata'ita'i feagaiga faatupeina ma maliega a tagata e umia sea mo mea e mafua ai le suiga o le pulega ma suiga faatonutonu.
• Auai i le galuega fa'ametotia a le ACM. O tulafono tau tupe ma le iloiloga o aseta o loʻo faʻamautuina nei e fuafua ai le faʻavae o aseta o le a fuafuaina mai ai au lafoga i le lumanaʻi.

Pemita ma le Omgevingswet

O le fausiaina o se feso'ota'iga fa'avevela o se galuega fa'aletino i totonu o le malo ma o lo'o i totonu o le fa'avae o le Omgevingswet. O se galuega e masani ona mana'omia le fuafuaga fa'ale-siosiomaga e fa'ataga ai galuega, se pemita fa'ale-siosiomaga mo galuega faufale, ma maliega ma le malo ma isi tagata e ona le eletise mo le fa'ata'otoina o paipa i fanua faitele. O le geothermal loloto e aumaia ai fo'i maliega fa'aletulafono o le eliina o minerale.

I lalo o le Warmtewet, e tatau i se tagata faʻatau oloa e sili atu i le aofaʻi o tagata faʻaoga ua faʻatulagaina pe o le aofaʻi faʻaletausaga ona umia se laisene i lalo o le Mataupu 9. E tuʻuina atu e le minisita i lalo o le Mataupu 10 i luga o le gafatia faʻatulagaina, tau tupe ma faʻatekinolosi, ma e mafai ona faʻaleaogaina i lalo o le Mataupu 11. O loʻo nonofo i fafo atu o le laisene ia i latou e ona fanua ma faʻalapotopotoga a tagata e ona.

Auala e siaki ai pe sa'o le totogiina o oe

• Fa'atutū lou gafatia. I luga atu o le 100 kW e avea lea ma iloiloga o le konekarate; i le maualuga atu pe i lalo ifo, e faʻaoga ai le tapulaʻa faaletulafono.
• Aveese le pili i totonu o le totogi fesuia'i i le GJ ta'itasi, le totogi fa'aletausaga tumau, le seti tiliva ma le mita. O se fuainumera fefiloi e tasi o se fa'ailoga lapata'i lava ia.
• Faatusatusa vaega taʻitasi i le maualuga o le ACM mo lena tausaga. E sui le taualuga i tausaga taʻitasi. Siaki pe tutusa le totogi tumau ma le mea moni e sapalaiina mai le fesoʻotaʻiga: e le tatau ona totogiina se fesoʻotaʻiga e naʻo le faʻavevela i le tau tuʻufaʻatasi o le faʻavevela ma le vai vevela.
• Siaki le fuainumera o le faʻaaogaina e fa'asaga i faitauga mita; e aunoa ma se mita ta'itasi, siaki pe tutusa le metotia o le vaevaeina ma lau konekarate po'o le fa'amatalaga o le totogi o le tautua.
• Siaki eseese totogifuapauina e faia faatasi. O totogifuapauina o feso'ota'iga ma le motusia o le eletise e iai a latou lava maualuga faaletausaga i lalo o Mataupu 6 ma le 4a, ma e tatau ona otometi lava ona totogiina le taui mo le motusia o le eletise i lalo o le Mataupu 3a.
• Ona fa'ateleina lea: i le tusi i le kamupani tuʻuina atu; le komiti o feeseeseaʻiga i lalo o le Mataupu 3b; le ACM lea e foliga mai e faʻapitoa le faʻaopoopoina o le tau; faʻamasinoga faʻalemalo mo le toe maua mai.